Grammar Info

N1 Lesson 6: 5/17

いかん〜ずRegardless of (whatever … is), Irrespective of (whatever … is)

いかん is a formal written expression meaning “how"/ “in what way”

Structure

Noun + (の) + いかん + ()わらず(1)

(1) によら()わず

Details

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    Formal

About いかん〜ず

When the noun いかん 'how', or 'what' is paired with a verb negated with the classical auxiliary verb ず, it will commonly be translated as 'regardless of (A), (B)', or 'irrespective of (A), (B)'. The verbs used for this construction are restricted to (かか)わらず 'without relation', によらず 'without approaching', and を()わず 'without questioning.

いかん〜ず come after a noun followed by the case marking particle の.

いかん〜ず is a formal grammar pattern that is used primarily to express that (B) will not be affected by (A), even if it is something that would usually be expected. Because of this, 'without taking (A) into account' is another fairly accurate translation of the nuance.

Examples

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    ライセンス契約(けいやく):「当社(とうしゃ)事情(じじょう)のいかんに(かか)わらず本品(ほんぴん)不適切(ふてきせつ)使用(しよう)によって(しょう)じたいかなる損害(そんがい)については責任(せきにん)()いません。」

    License agreement: 'The company will not be held responsible for any damage caused due to the improper usage of the product regardless of (what) the circumstances (are).'

    販売店(はんばいてん)返品(へんぴん)ポリシー:「商品(しょうひん)到着後(とうちゃくご)2週間(にしゅうかん)以内(いない)であれば、理由(りゆう)のいかんによらず自由(じゆう)返品(へんぴん)することが可能(かのう)です。」

    Return policy of a store: 'It is possible to return any product, free of charge, regardless of (what) the reason (is) if the return falls within two weeks of the delivery of the product.'

    販売店(はんばいてん)返品(へんぴん)ポリシー》商品(しょうひん)到着後(とうちゃくご)2週間(しゅうかん)以内(いない)であれば、理由(りゆう)のいかんによらず自由(じゆう)返品(へんぴん)することが可能(かのう)です。

    Return policy of a store: It is possible to return any product, free of charge, regardless of (what) the reason (is) if the return falls within two weeks of the delivery of the product.

      学校(がっこう)方針(ほうしん):「本校(ほんこう)はプログラム(およ)活動(かつどう)などでは、宗教(しゅうきょう)国籍等(こくせきとう)のいかんを()わず、いかなる差別(さべつ)(ゆる)しません。」

      School policy: 'The school will not discriminate regardless of religion or ethnic origin, and so on, in its programs or activities.'

      試験(しけん)一部(いちぶ)試験(しけん)科目(かもく)でも合格点(ごうかくてん)(たっ)しなければ、()試験(しけん)科目(かもく)成績(せいせき)のいかんに(かか)わらず()合格(ごうかく)となります。

      If the student does not achieve a passing mark in any part of the exam, then regardless of (what) the results of the other parts (are) the test will be considered failed.

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